Manufactured item for the building industry

ABSTRACT

A manufactured item for the building industry is disclosed, made mainly of bottom ash and/or debris coming from incineration processes of municipal solid waste or of waste which may be assimilated thereto and/or of RDF and of one or more binders. Such manufactured item may have the shape of small bricks, bricks, blocks, small blocks, kerbs, interlocking paving blocks, panels, tiles, prefabricated slabs, beams, elements for walls, modular building elements, indoor and outdoor cladding elements, blocks, rocks, supports. Moreover, a process for the manufacture of an item for the building industry is disclosed, from bottom ash and/or debris coming from incineration processes of municipal solid waste or of waste which may be assimilated thereto and/or of FDR wherein the ash and/or debris undergo an oxidation process of the amphoteric metals and mixed with a binder.

The present invention refers to a manufactured item for the building industry, consisting mostly of bottom ash and/or debris coming from incinerating processes of solid municipal or domestic waste, as well as to a process for the preparation thereof.

Despite repeated appeals by the health and environmental authorities, the volume of municipal solid wastes—and of the waste which may be assimilated thereto—keeps growing, both because the well-being currently enjoyed in a part of the world entails generally growing consumptions, and because the very health authorities demand bulkier packages and often the disposable use of objects which have stringent hygienic requirements. Waste treatment is thereby a general problem and is particularly serious in the most highly industrialised countries, where space is at a premium.

So far, also due to issues of acceptance by the population towards the other disposal methods, waste has been mostly dumped in controlled landfill sites. Such system turns out to be increasingly inadequate, since it requires a continuous supply of space, preferably away from residential areas and entails various forms of environmental pollution; in particular, the liquids coming from waste decomposition and containing various toxic substances often leach into the underground aquifer.

The incineration of municipal solid waste, a practice which was once a source of various toxic gases, is now carried out with greater care, so as to produce virtually only carbon dioxide fumes and water, which over time originate also in a landfill site. The improvement of these processes, as well as their use for heat and/or electric energy generation, is a reality in the most advanced countries and will spread ever more.

At the end of the incineration process, between 20% and 30% of the fed waste remains in the form of incinerator bottom ash and/or debris (also known as IBA or bottom slag), essentially consisting of the non-combustible fractions and made up mainly of vitreous and/or ceramic materials, coming from the chemical-physical transformations of the combustion process, especially for the high temperatures (about 900° C.) reached in a correctly managed incinerator.

In Italy and in Europe, bottom ash and/or debris from the incineration of municipal solid waste and assimilated waste as well as from RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel), are classified as non-hazardous waste by the so-called CER 190112 code. It may be that, according to domestic rules or specific authorisations, they are possibly mixed, also in the present invention, with other waste having the same origin.

Such bottom ash and/or debris are normally disposed of in a landfill site. Some suggestions have also been put forward to reuse the bottom ash and/or debris, the amount of which is definitely remarkable, with particular reference to the use thereof as material for the building industry.

Some studies show how bottom ash and/or debris, consisting mainly—as seen—of vitreous and ceramic components, have a pozzolanic potential. However, said bottom ash and/or debris, in addition to being granulometrically coarse and being rich in metals and various impurities, also contain non-negligible amounts of amphoteric metals, such as particularly aluminium and zinc which, in an alkaline environment and hence even more so in water-concrete mixtures, give rise to complex ions, with generation of gaseous hydrogen which produces expansion and, eventually, spoils completely the concrete product.

The same Applicant, in application PCT WO02/081 398, had suggested the wet milling and the aqueous suspension of bottom ash and/or debris to use them as additives for concrete and/or for concrete conglomerates. A use of this type is certainly interesting, but leads to the manufacturing of products of a rather limited added value.

EP 1 382 584 explained that, during the wet shredding of bottom ash and/or debris, corrosion by oxidation of the aluminium therein contained takes place and provided the preliminary shredding of bottom ash in aqueous suspension and the subsequent use for the manufacture of concrete. Later works, in the frame of university degree thesis, carried out or directed by the same authors of EP 1 382 584, whereto also the inventor of the present intention took part, highlighted how the simple wet shredding was often not sufficient to solve the problem of hydrogen building and they considered it suitable to increase pH by adding of all-but-negligible amounts of concrete (10-15% of the dry fraction), furthermore explicitly excluding resorting to other alkaline agents which might have determined in the concrete the well-known and deleterious reaction “alkali/aggregates”. The addition of cement, on the contrary, was not a solution, because, in addition to implying significant costs items, while on the one hand it accelerated metal corrosion, on the other hand it also caused a phenomenon of cement curing and of reaction of the same with the shredded ash, so that firstly aqueous suspensions became even more difficult to be treated industrially, secondly, sort of lumps were generated, consisting of cement and ash, having very low mechanical resistance, due to the high amount of malm water. These friable cement/ash lumps were disaggregated by the lab cement mixers used in experiments, by which the mixing energy lied far above that, for example, of concrete-mixing equipment, where cement mixers are generally no longer used. These additions of cement, hence would have transferred to concrete manufacturers—the end users of these aqueous suspensions—two problems: even more unstable suspensions and cement/ash lumps to be disaggregated during the mixing phase.

Therefore, both the solutions set out above for reusing the bottom ash and/or debris provided the manufacture of a water suspension to be sold or used as such on the market of cement products, essentially for the manufacture of concrete. However, such a product:

it was not certifiable which addition of mineral ore of a pozzolanic nature, according to current standards on the subject of concrete (concrete, among other things, as known, being a material used for structural purposes, must undergo long and complex procedures to implement innovations);

it should have been sold or used by a very high number of concrete manufacturers and/or prefabs and/or concrete manufactured items (realistically over 20 for a medium-sized incinerator) and this would have been made even more critical by the fact that the manufacturing plants of these subjects are not equipped for receiving, in large amounts, water suspensions, but commonly receive products in the form of powder; moreover in the form of water suspension the products is partly unstable, since it is subject to decanting and sedimentation and this determines the need to maintain it in motion before use;

it presented a variability of the features, possibly linked to seasonal events, such as the variation of the features of the waste during the Christmas period, which would have affected downstream too large a number of companies, which would have hardly been willing to re-calibrate the mixture of concrete due to a very minor component;

it would have encountered difficulties in obtaining the authorisation for use, since it would have been—at least for a not exactly short period of time—a unicum on the market and the recovery process would have been completed by various third-party users making the entire recovery cycle and the degree of potential pollution in fact less traceable from an environmental point of view.

Moreover, these inventions and studies did not pick two absolutely essential elements to solve in a short time and industrially sustainable the problem of corrosion of amphoteric metals: the features of granulometric fineness which the product was to have and the opportunity to use alkali to accelerate the corrosion process of aluminium. As a matter of fact, they did not highlight the fact that the wet shredding was supposed to allow to reduce the size of all the particles below a certain threshold size and that, on the contrary, the average size or even the size below which 90% of the particles lay was not particularly important. As a matter of fact, the metallic aluminium found in bottom ash being very ductile, it is among the most difficult fractions to be shredded, so it is pointless to grind the ash to an average fineness of about 3 μm if then no attention is given to the fact that the granulometric curve has a 3% fraction lying in the range between 50 μm and 60 μm: the maximum size of the particles were and are essential.

It is highlighted how the granulometric characteristics reported both in WO02/081 398 and in EP 1 382 584 consider—more or less explicitly—as fundamental the achievement of a high granulometric fineness, however without picking the most important aspect i.e. the one concerning the maximum size of the particles. For example it is apparent how in a drawing reported in EP 1 382 584, while the average size of the wet-shredded particles are about 3 μm (high degree of fineness), there is about 3% of particles having a size ranging between 50 and 60 μm (larger size than that concerning dry shredding, which sets D50 about 4.5 μm and D98-D100 about 28-30 μm): the corrosion of these particles will certainly be far slower. This is extremely important because, if the main purpose of grinding is that of achieving a high average value, it is incorrect. Also WO02/081 398 pays no attention to the fineness in the sense of the maximum size of the particles, so much so that it even indicates only the values below which must be 90% of the particles. Due to the above, during the grinding and in those activities directly connected to the same, it is useful to set in place devices, to achieve the purpose of causing all the particles to be below a certain size.

Italian patent application no. MI93A 002650 shows the use of a ternary mixture of ash, calcium sulphate and lime for obtaining a manufactured item for the building industry having high mechanical resistance. The patent refers specifically to the ash which is left from the manufacture of coal and is particularly directed at fly ash (the lightest one). As regards the opportunity to use bottom ash (again generated in the combustion of coal), it is stated the opportunity that the same be used, but substantially as “aggregates” and not as a binding component. Moreover, in order to achieve these results, the starting point is a relatively even supply, such as the combustible coal of power plants, while nothing is said on completely different compositions, which are more variable and more complex, such as the charges of incenerators of solid municipal waste. It is hardly appropriate to highlight how various types of thermal processes exist and how the residues of each of these thermal processes depends on the chemical-physical characteristics of the incoming material, on the temperatures, on the combustion times, on the calorific value of the fuel, etc.

The drawbacks illustrated above are brilliantly solved by the present invention, consisting of a manufactured item for the building industry, made mainly of bottom ash and/or debris generated in incineration processes of municipal solid waste or of waste which may be assimilated thereto and/or of RDF and of one or more binders, characterised in that amphoteric metals contained in bottom ash and/or debris wherefrom the manufactured item is obtained have been substantially oxidised.

The present invention also refers to a process for the preparation of the above-said manufactured item for the building industry.

The enclosed drawing schematically shows the trend of the corrosion rate of aluminium and zinc according to pH.

A remarkable aspect of the present invention is highlighted, according whereto the bottom ash and/or debris are not intended for the manufacture of concrete and/or cement mixtures, but rather to the manufacture of manufactured items, using lime as “base” binder. In the manufacture of concrete and/or cement mixtures, in the course of a few hours extremely high pH values may be reached, generally lying between 13.3 and 13.7 depending on the type of cement. This leads to an exponential increase of the corrosion rate of aluminium and, should there still be aluminium fractions which are not completely corroded, the corrosion of the same would experience a swift acceleration, with the already described effects. On the contrary, in a lime-base mixture such as the ones identified in the present invention, the pH tends to remain at values around 12-12.7 hence not unlike values which may be easily achieved by the addition of small amounts of alkali, so that no acceleration is triggered. For such purpose, see also the accompanying drawing, which shows the schematic trend of the corrosion rate of aluminium and zinc depending on pH.

Finally, it must be said that any possible residual expansion phenomena, due to the presence of non-completely corroded amphoteric metals as well as expansion phenomena linked to the use of binders such as, for example, CaO, may be safely sustained and controlled in plants dedicated to the manufacture of manufactured items using as main component bottom ash and/or debris, while they would be unmanageable and unsustainable if the product was intended for a large number of clients.

The manufactured item for the building industry according to the present invention can take various shapes. Particularly preferred shapes are small bricks, bricks, blocks, small blocks, kerbs, concrete interlocking paving blocks, panels, tiles, sheets, beams, elements for walls, modular building elements, indoor and outdoor cladding elements, rocks, supports and others.

The manufactured items for the building industry according to the present invention may be manufactured obtaining a very large variety of properties and mechanical resistances. In terms of mechanical resistances to compression, manufactured items may be accomplished ranging from 15 kg/cm² to over 600 kg/cm². Generally, manufactured items withstanding between 25 and 500 kg/cm² are obtained, but even more advanced performances are possible, by suitably adjusting preparation parameters.

As concerns the fields of application of the manufactured item according to the present invention, they are in no way limited, since it is possible to use the manufactured item for building and maintaining dwellings, offices, industrial warehouses, sports buildings, barracks, railway foundations and stations, carriageways, viaducts, tunnels, subways, bunkers, nuclear shelters, ports, temporary structures and others.

As concerns the preparation of the manufactured item according to the present invention, the first “key” step is the wet shredding. It may also be carried out in multiple steps and with multiple, different apparatuses. Before wet grinding, it is useful to carry out some preliminary operations, consisting essentially in separating (as far as possible) the undesired fractions, which operations generally consist of:

screening to remove coarse fractions;

magnetic separation; and

separation of the paramagnetic metals.

Based on a series of experiments carried out, the separation of the above paramagnetic fractions—carried out with any known method—allows to reduce, but not to remove completely—the presence of amphoteric metals. Furthermore it is possible to cause wet grinding to be preceded by a dry pre-grinding (even though bottom ash and/or debris generally have a humidity content in the order of magnitude of 10%). Preferably, from the step of wet grinding, but possibly also later, alkali are added to the suspension, so as to ease the full oxidation of the amphoteric metals contained in the bottom ash and/or debris. The pH is raised to sufficiently high levels, even though not very high: generally, to a pH value ranging between 11.8 and 12.8, so as to favour the formation of hydroxyaluminates and hydroxyzincates which remove from the suspension all the metallic contents. Any strong base is suitable for use for this operation. Preferred bases are NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)₂, process water and wash water coming from manufacturing processes of cement products (for example manufacture of fibre-cement), sodium silicate, bases coming from other industrial activities (aluminium decaping), etc. Such a treatment would be deleterious if one intended to manufacture concrete or derived products, since the high content of alkali is one of the most serious and uncontrollable causes of concrete degradation due to the well-known “alkali/aggregate” reaction, which causes harmful expansions and bulges.

For the purpose of optimising the present process, wet grinding must lead to the accomplishment of a material which has not so much a particularly small average size of the particles—which fact furthermore impacts significantly on water demand—but all smaller than a certain threshold size. In order to obtain this result the following devices may be employed:

grinding is accomplished by means of not too small grinding bodies and hence not so much with microsphere mills where the size of the microspheres are generally about 1-3 mm, but rather by means of ball mills (or equivalent machines), with grinding bodies generally larger than 10 mm or ball mills with a size in the order of magnitude of 3-7 mm (this last type of grinding must necessarily be preceded by another grinding step for a first reduction of the size of the same) or with both machines in succession;

after grinding a separation by filtering step, by sedimentation or other, of the coarser fractions is carried out; these coarser fractions, are subsequently preferably reintroduced in the cycle to undergo further grinding and for the desired fineness values to be achieved.

In terms of fineness it is necessary for all particles to be of a size smaller than 70 μm. Advantageous results are achieved when all the particles are of a size below 60 μm; it is preferable for the particles to be all smaller than 50 μm, more preferably smaller than 40 μm, even more preferably smaller than 30 μm, in the most preferred way they are smaller than 20 μm: in the tests carried out, the corrosion rate was clearly linked to the maximum size below which all the particles lay.

The choice hence to opt for deep grinding, for the addition of alkali or for longer waiting times will hence depend on local conditions, grinding costs (electric energy), available raw materials, available space.

Possibly, should the bottom ash and/or debris have a content of polluting metals larger than the acceptable amount, it is possible to subject the outgoing suspension from the corrosion step to electrochemical purification, for example by electrolysis, so as to remove heavy metals. The hypothesis of subjecting bottom ash or debris to electrochemical purification has already been put forward in other studies, but there are two substantial differences in the case of the present invention: the product would be found finely ground and in water suspension, i.e. in completely different conditions from those of a coarse and simply damp product.

After grinding and before using the bottom ash and/or debris for the manufacture of items, a sufficiently long waiting time must be observed to allow a sufficient corrosion of the amphoteric metals.

Before, during or after this last step it is hence possible to proceed to an action aimed at reducing the water of the suspension for the purpose of consequently reducing the water/ash ratio for the purpose of the performances of the finished manufactured item which largely depend on the water contents. The removal of water may be accomplished in various known ways, among which, for example, employing filter presses, centrifugal machines, belt presses, centrifugal cleaners and the like. A slurry is thereby obtained with the desired water/ash contents which may also be stored before the subsequent processing steps, intended to obtain the manufactured item.

When one wishes to actually manufacture the item and after having achieved a satisfactory level of corrosion of the amphoteric metals, the suspension or the slurry prepared as seen above are mixed by means of adequate mixers, depending on the workability thereof, with one or more binders. As binder it is preferred Ca(OH)₂ or products capable of converting into Ca(OH)₂ by reaction with water, which form with the ash a real hydraulic binder. Particularly preferred is CaO which, despite being more expensive, comprises a nearly double amount of calcium the weight being equal and can help reduce the overall maim water.

Advantageously, the ratio between Ca(OH)₂ (or equivalent) and ash varies between 1:6 and 1:2 by weight, preferably between 1:5 and 1:3 by weight.

In an extremely advantageous way for the purpose of the properties of the final manufactured item, calcium sulphate may possibly also be added to this mixture. There are no hydration limits for the calcium sulphate to be employed. It is preferred to use bi-hydrated calcium sulphate which is the result of other industrial processes, such as the calcium sulphate coming from desulphuration processes, for example of the coal coming from thermal power plants. It may also be resorted to the scagliola (CaSO₄.0.5H₂O) for its low contents of water and its ready availability. The addition of calcium sulphate, together with a high-temperature steam curing, leads to the forming of a type of very well crystallized ettringite (3CaO.Al₂O₃.3CaSO₄.32H₂O) (different from the one much better known for its negative effects and responsible for concrete deterioration) which imparts to the manufactured item particularly good mechanical properties. The amount of calcium sulphate which can be converted to ettringite essentially depends on the contents of aluminium oxide which, in bottom ash and/or debris, may generally vary between 5% and 20% of the dry residue. Of course, also depending on the type of manufactured items and on the use they are intended for, it may be useful to dose the addition of calcium sulphate, avoiding excess calcium sulphate which does not convert to ettringite, which may give rise to the well-known negative effects.

The composition may contain, in weight on the dry portion, ash between 50 and 87%, CaSO₄.2H₂O between 3 and 34% and Ca(OH)₂ between 10 and 35%; a preferred composition contains, in weight of the dry portion, ash between 50 and 85%, CaSO₄.2H₂O between 3 and 20% and Ca(OH)₂ between 12 and 32%. In both cases, if calcium sulphate or lime with a different hydration is used, the amount will have to contain the same amount of reactive component.

Other binders may also be used, such as cement or ground blast furnace slag and this depends on the types of manufactured items which one intends to manufacture. The added binders may be added in an amount below 50% of the weight of the total binders (whereto bottom ash and/or debris belong to, after having been treated). Advantageously, the added binders are less than 30% of the total. In the most preferred way, less than 20%. As can be seen, it is possible to produce manufactured items which comprise a majority of bottom ash and/or debris. In this step, as from the grinding step, it may be useful to use those reactives and those devices used for improving the properties of inertisation or chemical fixing—according to the known knowledge—with respect to any polluting agents found.

Once accomplished the mixing of the added binders and ash, it is proceeded to the forming of the manufactured item. This may be done in the most diverse ways known in the art. The manufactured item may be moulded on with blockmaking machines, keeping a low water/solids ratio, so as to allow good cohesion and stability of the moulded product; it may be extruded; it may undergo a casting process in footing forms or caissons; it may be cast or moulded in large caissons and subsequently cut to the desired size according to the widespread technologies for the manufacture of cellular items sold under the commercial names of Iperblock, Gasbeton and Ytong. In some cases, it may also be necessary to add aluminium in powder or in paste or other additives with ventilating functions and this will be accomplished with known products and in controlled amounts, so as to obtain the desired effects.

The formed manufactured item at this point must necessarily undergo a forced steam curing cycle. Such curing cycle is highly recommended for two main reasons:

-   -   in case of use of lime only, for accelerating a curing process         (lime/pozzuolana) which, would otherwise complete in a very long         time of at least 50-60 days;

in case of use of calcium sulphate also, for avoiding the forming of the ettringite form which would have expansive and negative effects instead of improving performances.

The first step of the cycle of curing is a “rest” step: the formed manufactured item is left for a time period ranging between 0 and 24 hours without undergoing any process, depending on the binders used and on the features of the manufactured item. After this step, the manufactured item undergoes a forced steam curing. During this step, the temperature is kept mostly at least at 35° C., preferably at least at 45° C., most preferably at least at 55° C.

Depending on the type of manufactured items which one wants to accomplish, it is also possible to exceed 100° C. and carry out an autoclave curing with high increases of the performances. This is highly recommended for the production of cellular manufactured items.

Such cycles last from 5 to 48 hours, preferably with a pre-heating step and a step in which the suitable temperature increases.

At the end of the curing, the manufactured item must undergo an adequate cooling step to avoid thermal shocks.

It is also possible that, in certain cases, a subsequent open-air curing step is required. In this case, it is not recommended to keep the manufactured item in contact with water, or in environments saturated with humidity, unlike what occurs for concrete. As a matter of fact, the wet curing on manufactured items where calcium sulphate had been used as binder has sometimes originated cracks which, on the contrary, did not take place where the step subsequent to steam curing had been effected exposed to the air.

Within the frame of material and energy recovery, it may be interesting to build the plant for the production of manufactured items in the proximity of the incinerating plant, so as to take advantage of the waste heat coming from the incenerators for the curing step and for further optimising the process and the environmental balance of the activity. The accomplished manufactured items may undergo a grinding process after curing, to obtain granulates.

As can be seen, the present invention allows to produce manufactured items, consisting even up to 80 wt %-90 wt % of bottom ash and/or debris, with respect to a value which could presumably be of 2-5 wt % for concrete manufactured items, where bottom ash and/or debris are used as additives.

It is pointed out how it may be useful, even from the initial grinding steps, depending on the types of manufactured item which one intends to produce and to optimise all the process steps, to use additives such as, for example, water reducers (fluidisants-superfluidisants), ventilating agents, accelerating agents, retardants, water-repellent agents, aluminium, resins, fibres or other products which are habitually used with cement materials and in general all those materials which are already normally used in cement products.

Moreover, the mixes of binary, ternary or other binders, consisting of the bottom ash and/or debris after the treatment (which always make up the prevailing portion), of lime, calcium sulphate and possibly of other agents, may be used as “main binding matrix”, for the production of other manufactured items, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

The manufactured item according to the present invention may further undergo a surface treatment of a type known per se, for example with water-repellent and/or waterproofing agents and/or with resins.

Water reduction may be effected even after mixing with the added binders.

It is evident that the production of the manufactured item according to the present invention may be accomplished by separate steps of which, for example, the preliminary ones, up to the reduction of the water contents, may be carried out in a plant and the subsequent ones in another plant.

The present invention will now be further illustrated based on some experiments. The experiments are designed to verify how the aluminium corrosion process may be accelerated and to verify which manufactured items may be obtained starting from bottom ash and/or debris.

It was thereby verified that the properties of the manufactured items may be modulated, in particular mechanical resistance may be modulated. The features are mainly conditioned by the water/binders ratio, by the features of the binders, by the fineness of the ash, by the particular method of preparation of the manufactured item, by the compacting pressure of the manufactured item, by the curing conditions, by the density of the finished product, by the water/solids ratio.

In the following table the results are reported which were obtained producing manufactured items starting from eight different types of bottom ash and/or debris. The working procedure has been the following: 1) the ferromagnetic fractions of the bottom ash and/or debris have been manually removed using a magnet; 2) the bottom ash and/or debris have been preliminarily dry-ground; 3) the bottom ash and/or debris have been wet-ground in a small mill; 4) with a laser granulometer the fineness of the aqueous suspension has been verified (all the particles, in all grinding processes, had a maximum size ranging between 15 and 65 μm); 5) the suspension was left to “rest” to allow aluminium corrosion; 6) tests have been carried out with small fractions, mixing them with Ca(OH)₂ and it has been observed if expansion occurred. With the left-over suspension various mixes have been prepared. Some have been prepared without changing the suspension; others have been partially dehydrated. Corrosion was obtained by various methods: in some cases waiting has simple been adopted, in others bases have been added (process water coming from a fiber-cement manufacturing plant).

The experiments have been carried out with limited apparatuses. Not particularly powerful cement mixers have been used, so it has not been possible to further reduce the water contents. Moreover, since no adequate machine was available for fibro-compressing the prisms, in the cases in which the consistency of the material was rigid, it has been proceeded to manual beating. Such manual beating allows to compact materials having a rigid consistency, even though in a much less effective way than with industrial machines. Moreover, this has determined a limit in the results reliability due to the operator's ability and accuracy in manually compacting the prisms. Despite other tools allowing better performances, the results are positively significant and give the idea of the huge potential.

Due to the impossibility of carrying out an even pressing, as set forth above, it has been widely resorted to water reducers, (probably not necessary or minimally necessary in an industrial manufacturing process) which had, however, the advantage of allowing greater fluidity and, hence, in tests with comparison purposes, of allowing us a comparison.

Mechanical resistance to compression in MPa 48 hours Composition after after dry cem H2O aerating wet steam cycle autoclave ash ash % Ca(OH)2 CaO CaSO4•2H2O CaSO4•0.5H2O cem I II-B/L total fluidisant Aluminum agent consistency weight 16-24 h after 7 days after 28 days cycle type 1004 55.6 261.6 540 932 36 plastic-gluey 434 29.7 34.4 38.1 1 1336 55.7 344 720 1236 48 plastic-gluey 427 30.6 36.8 40.6 2 1002 55.7 258 540 825 36 plastic-gluey 436 37.8 42.2 45.2 2 1002 55.7 258 540 927 36 plastic-gluey 438 29.4 32.3 35.6 2 1336 55.7 344 720 1100 plastic-gluey 433 32.6 34.5 38.9 1 1002 55.7 798 879 plastic-gluey 425 15.1 17.3 19.4 1 1050 77.8 300 853.1 27 plastic-gluey 23.2 26 28.6 2 1002 55.7 258 540 576 36 rigid, guey 454 39.2 42.1 45.8 2 1050 77.8 300 1290 18 fluid-viscous 4.9 5.8 6.3 1 1050 77.8 300 1290 18 1.8 fluid-viscous 2.4 1 1050 77.8 300 825 1.8 fluid-viscous 3.4 2 1050 77.8 300 825 1.8 fluid-viscous 3.5 1 1309 87.8 182 367 39 rigid 490 29.3 32.7 36.7 2 1309 87.9 181 340 31 rigid 499 31.7 37.5 42.2 2 1050 77.8 300 825 27 1.3 fluid-viscous 0 2.9 2 1050 77.8 300 900 1.05 fluid-viscous 0 3.9 2 1050 77.8 300 900 1.05 fluid-viscous 0 3.2 1 1050 77.8 300 900 1.05 fluid-viscous 0 3.2 1 1200 78.2 334 450 8 0.9 plastic 398 11.5 20.7 3 900 77.8 257.1 771.5 0.9 fluid-viscous 315 1.4 3 3 900 77.8 257.1 588 8 0.9 fluid-plastic 318 2.6 5.1 3 1125 71.4 450 786 plastic 395 2.4 2.7 3.1 6.8 3 1260 77.8 360 810 plastic 390 2.5 3.1 3.3 7 3 1350 81.8 300 825 plastic 382 3.2 3.7 4 6.6 3 1260 77.8 360 486 plastic-gluey 418 7.6 8.7 9.5 15.9 3 1260 77.8 360 648 plastic-gluey 418 4.8 5.1 5.7 10.3 3 1260 77.8 360 810 plastic 394 2.7 3.6 4 7.6 3 890 84.5 133 30 620 15 0.5 fluid-viscous 320 3.1 3.7 4.9 12.4 3 900 82.3 133 60 620 18 0.5 fluid-viscous 301 3.9 4.7 5.8 3 1050 77.8 300 405 rigid 462 28.6 30.7 34.9 45.8 2 1050 77.8 300 675 plastic-gluey 416 20.1 24.5 27.7 33.6 2 1350 81.8 300 825 plastic-gluey 416 19.8 22.1 25.4 34.2 2 1400 77.8 400 900 plastic-gluey 6.4 7.6 8 15.6 4 1050 52.0 300 669 612.3 18 plastic 490 35.6 44.7 48.2 5 1050 88.8 300 180 508.5 21 semirigid/rigid 499 39.6 47.6 52 5 1000 71.4 200 200 360 14 rigid 497 21.4 23.3 26.7 5 1050 52.0 300 669 750 21 plastic 33.1 38.2 41.9 5 421 59.5 100 60 127 180 14 RIGID 52.9 56.8 5 375.9 79.0 100 242 ? plastic 9.7 11.9 13.2 5 1050 53.8 300 600 699 15 yes SEMIRIGID 468 31.1 37.9 41.2 5 1050 53.8 300 600 900 19.5 yes fluid-plastic 401 10.1 11.7 12.9 5 1050 61.3 300 63 300 1326 19.5 yes fluid-plastic 381 10.8 12.9 14.2 5 1050 63.6 300 300 720 18 yes rigid 459 22.4 25.8 29.9 5 1050 63.6 300 300 720 24 yes rigid 456 25.6 28.9 30.2 5 1267 88.0 173 354 plastic 453 12.5 14 15.3 6 1050 54.7 150 720 572.1 27 rigid 479 33.1 40.4 43 5 1050 61.4 150 510 572.1 27 rigid 470 34.6 41.2 45.9 5 1050 70.0 150 300 675 27 rigid 462 38.6 0 41.8 5 1050 60.5 176 510 700.5 18 plastic/rigid 454 28.5 33.1 35.4 5 1263 58.2 300 225 381 528 42 RIGID 445 521 571 5 1056 57.8 294 80 398 1070 26 8 fluid 390 178 199 219 5 1266 61.2 353 94 356 1284 30 16 fluid 379 192 215 237 5 1260 68.3 315 270 810 54 3 fluid-viscous 435 278 335 360 5 930 63.4 235 63 237.6 860 20 1 fluid-viscous 240 44 51 56 5 922 70.5 121 265 900 20 0.6 fluid-viscous 269 57 67 73 5 1050 61.4 150 510 675 18 plastic/rigid 456 29.8 32.6 37.2 5 1050 62.1 131 510 656 18 plastic/rigid 460 26.1 33.7 37.6 5 1050 62.6 117 510 642 15 plastic/rigid 459 25.3 31.6 37.6 5 1050 63.1 105 510 630 18 plastic/rigid 466 21.8 26.1 29.8 5 1050 71.8 150 262.5 675 18 plastic/rigid 461 32.2 34.7 36.2 5 1050 67.3 150 360 675 18 rigid 459 27.1 38.4 46.5 5 1000 61.4 143 486 545 26 plastic/rigid 471 39.1 41.8 44.7 5 1000 54.7 143 686 545 26 plastic/rigid 472 41.2 45.4 47.2 5 800 50.9 286 486 422 35 rigid 468 37.6 42.3 46.8 5 1000 61.3 286 60 286 1070 18.6 yes fluid-plastic 408 15.7 16.3 17.2 5 1000 74.3 286 60 1166 18.6 yes fluid-plastic 371 5.6 6.4 7 5 1056 61.8 294 63 297 1326 25.5 1.2 fluid 5.5 6.1 6.6 5 633 61.7 176 37.8 178.2 648 15.5 0.78 fluid 7 8.2 8.8 5 528 61.8 147 31.5 148.5 1146 fluid-viscous 300 2.3 2.7 3 5 528 61.8 147 31.5 148.5 640 12.9 4.5 fluid 394 18 20.1 22.5 5 633 61.7 176 37.8 178.2 648 15.5 9 fluid 383.8 18.9 21.3 24.8 5 844 52.9 235.2 517.4 897 20 3.6 fluid-viscous 387 11.1 15.4 17.8 5 844 52.9 235.2 517.4 800 6 fluid-viscous 394 12.3 17.9 21.9 5 844 62.0 118 400 740 20 4.6 fluid-viscous 396 13.1 22.2 26.5 5 1050 52.0 300 669 790.5 36 5.1 plastic 422 22.4 32.5 36.3 5 844 61.7 235 50.4 237.6 1061 20 0.6 fluid-viscous 297 4.1 5.6 6.4 5 844 61.7 235 50.4 237.6 864 20 1.04 fluid-viscous 279 3.9 5.8 6.8 5 844 62.0 118 400 822.6 20 0.8 fluid-viscous 302 3.6 5.9 7 5 1309 88.0 179 367 39 rgid 498 31.8 37.7 40.7 5 1050 65.1 300 262.5 686.3 45 3 fluid-viscous 427 33.7 38.6 41 5 1050 68.6 300 180 750 45 3 fluid-viscous 397 11.5 14.1 17.2 5 840 70.4 210 144 543 36 2.4 fluid-viscous 441 28.6 33.9 36.7 5 945 76.1 135 162 573 36 2.4 fluid-viscous 441 30.4 37.8 41 5 945 71.8 135 236 563.4 41 2.7 fluid-viscous 443 30.1 35.8 38.9 5 840 66.7 240 180 600 36 4.5 fluid-viscous 430 27.3 32.1 35.4 5 945 76.1 135 162 573 36 2.7 fluid-viscous 440 32.9 36.8 43 5 945 71.8 135 162 529.5 40.5 2.7 fluid-viscous 461 41.8 49.6 54.7 5 1050 77.1 131 180 525 60 3 fluid-viscous 459 40.7 47.9 52.5 5 844 61.7 235 50.4 237.6 1061 20 0.7 fluid-viscous 272 4.6 5.3 5.8 5 844 71.8 120 212 900 20 0.60 fluid-viscous 274 5.1 5.8 6.3 5 548.6 66.7 78.4 195 611 13.2 0.38 fluid-viscous 296 5.1 5.9 6.4 5 844 66.8 120 300 940 20 6 fluid-viscous 352 9.7 11.3 12.8 5 844 61.7 235 50.4 237.6 864 22 1.05 fluid-viscous 246 4.6 5.2 5.7 5 844 71.7 121 212 900 20 0.6 fluid-viscous 275 5.8 6.7 7.6 5 844 61.7 235 50.4 237.6 864 20 12.8 fluid-viscous 352 14.7 16.6 18.1 5 1200 88.9 150 375 100 fluid-viscous 472 14.1 19.8 24.7 7 844 61.7 235 50.4 237.6 740 20 1.04 fluid-viscous 373 11.5 13.2 14.8 7 844 78.1 236 720 20 fluid-viscous 380 9.5 11.4 12.6 7 988 65.1 282 248 1062 4.2 fluid-viscous 12.5 13.9 14.7 7 988 65.1 282 248 1062 4.2 fluid-viscous 14.3 15.7 16.7 7 988 65.1 282 248 876 44 fluid-viscous 20.6 22.8 24.1 7 1172.8 79.8 234 82 526 36 fluid-viscous 27.4 29.5 33.7 8 988 77.8 282 876 11.6 fluid-viscous 5.5 7.1 7.5 7 988 71.5 394 1179 22 fluid-viscous 6 7.7 8.4 7 1265 76.3 394 1179 22 fluid-viscous 5.1 7.5 8.3 7 988 87.5 141 876 10 fluid-viscous 4.4 4.8 5.3 7 1215.7 88.5 158 473.6 30 fluid-viscous 9.8 10.7 11.6 8 1215.7 88.5 158 473.6 30 fluid-viscous 4.7 12.4 15.1 8 1225.8 90.1 135 438 30 fluid-viscous 4.1 9.9 12.8 8 1309 87.4 188 400 18 rigid 475 20.4 21.3 23.8 8 1380 82.3 296 708 plastic/rigid 462 14.5 16.1 17.2 7 988 87.5 141 876 10 fluid-viscous 3.7 4.5 5.8 7 988 87.5 141 876 10 fluid-viscous 4 5.2 5.9 7 

1-71. (canceled)
 72. Manufactured item for the building industry, consisting mainly of bottom ash and/or debris coming from incineration processes of municipal solid waste or of waste which may be assimilated thereto and/or of RDF and of one or more binders, characterised in that the amphoteric metals contained in the bottom ash and/or debris wherefrom the manufactured material is obtained have been substantially oxidised.
 73. Manufactured item as claimed in claim 72, characterised in that the shape of said manufactured item is chosen in the group consisting of small bricks, bricks, blocks, small blocks, kerbs, interlocking paving blocks, panels, tiles, sheets, beams, wall elements, modular building elements, cladding elements for indoors and outdoors, rocks, supports.
 74. Manufactured item as claimed in claim 72, characterised in that as binding agents Ca(OH)₂ or products capable of converting to Ca(OH)₂ by reaction with water, like CaO, are employed.
 75. Manufactured item as claimed in claim 74, characterised in that the weight ratio between Ca(OH)₂ (or equivalent) and the ashes varies between 1:6 and 1:2.
 76. Manufactured item as claimed in claim 72, characterised in that as binding agent calcium sulphate, in form of bi-hydrated calcium sulphate or scagliola (CaSO₄.0.5H₂O) is used also.
 77. Manufactured item as claimed in claim 72, characterised in that the added binders are added in an amount below 50% of the weight of the total amount of binders.
 78. Manufactured item as claimed in claim 77, characterised in that the added binders are less than 30% of the total amount of binders.
 79. Process for manufacturing an item for the building industry starting from bottom ash and/or debris coming from incineration processes of municipal solid waste or waste which may be assimilated thereto and/or RDF, characterised in that said ash and/or debris undergo an oxidation process of the amphoteric metals, after preliminary processes, essentially consisting in the separation of undesired fractions, like screening for the removal of the coarse fractions, magnetic separation and/or separation of the paramagnetic metals and are mixed with one or more binders.
 80. Process as claimed in claim 79, characterised in that the ash and/or debris undergo a wet-grinding step, either in a single step or in multiple steps and/or with multiple, different apparatus.
 81. Process as claimed in claim 80, characterised in that said wet grinding precedes the oxidation step of the amphoteric metals.
 82. Process as claimed in claim 80, characterised in that said wet grinding is preceded by dry pre-grinding.
 83. Process as claimed in claim 79, characterised in that said oxidation of the amphoteric metals is carried out in an alkaline environment, eventually adding alkali to the suspension, also from the wet grinding step and adjusting pH between 11.8 and 12.8.
 84. Process as in claim 83, characterised in that a strong base is used, chosen among NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)₂, process water and wash water coming from manufacturing processes of cement products (for example manufacture of fibro-cement), sodium silicate, bases coming from other industrial activities (aluminium decaping).
 85. Process as claimed in claim 80, characterised in that said wet grinding is performed as follows: bottom ash and/or debris is ground with ball mills (or equivalents), with grinding bodies generally larger than 10 mm or with ball mills with balls of a size in the order of magnitude of 3-7 mm or with both machines in succession; after grinding, a separation step of the coarser fractions by filtering, sedimentation or other is performed.
 86. Process as claimed in claim 80, characterised in that, after wet grinding, the bottom ash and/or debris are all smaller than 70 μm.
 87. Process as claimed in claim 80, characterised in that after the wet-grinding step it is proceeded to an action aimed at reducing suspension water, and before mixing with the added binders.
 88. Process as claimed in claim 79, characterised in that Ca(OH)2 or products able to transform in Ca(OH)2 in reaction with water is also added to this mixture.
 89. Process as claimed in claim 88, characterised in that bihydrated calcium sulphate or scagliola (CaSO4.0.5H2O) is used.
 90. Process as claimed in claim 89, characterised in that the mixture contains, by weight on the dry portion, ash ranging between 50 and 87%, preferably between 50 and 85%, CaSO4.2H2O ranging between 3 and 34%, preferably between 3 and 20%, as well as Ca(OH)₂ ranging between 10 and 35%, preferably between 12 and 32% or an equal amount of active components.
 91. Process as claimed in claim 79, characterised in that the added binders are added in an amount below 50% of the weight on the dry portion of the total amount of binders.
 92. Process as claimed in claim 79, characterised in that a step for the forming of the manufactured item is carried out, said step being chosen among one of the following methods: moulding into block making machines, extrusion, casting into footing forms or caissons, casting into large caissons and subsequent cut to the desired size according to the technologies widespread for the manufacture of cellular manufactured items.
 93. Process as claimed in claim 79, characterised in that, once formed, the manufactured item undergoes a forced steam curing cycle, for a period ranging between 0 and 24 hours without undergoing any treatment and with a subsequent steam curing step for a period ranging between 5 and 48 hours, with temperature preferably higher than a 45° C., preferably with a suitable pre-heating and temperature increase step. 